Marketing Planning Process of H&M

Substance Acknowledgments Introduction Methodology {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Appendix Acknowledgments I might want to Thank Frances Smith and all the women at Invest Northern Ireland for the entirety of their assistance and backing all through the procedure of this task. Their commitment has been really valued. Acquaintance In request with comprehend the Marketing Planning Process it is essential to initially recognize what the term, Marketing Planning Process implies. Market arranging is â€Å"the process by which organizations investigate nature and their capacities, settle on courses of showcasing activity and execute those choices. (Middleman, 2006) It is additionally essential to recognize the various stages and sorts of the procedure and which is best for the organization. Philosophy Information has been accumulated from a wide scope of sound and non-one-sided optional assets. Factual data, data on gainfulness of the company’s promoting condition has been sourced and investigated from locales, for example, Datamoniter, Mintel Oxygen, key Note and Lexis Nexus. Further Data and data has been sourced from electronic diaries, for example, Emerald, business sites, regarded papers and The H&M organization site, from which this Marketing Planning Process will be based. Business and Marketing speculations have been assembled from showcasing masters and researchers, for example, Jobber, Kotler and Porter. Essential exploration will likewise be accumulated through contemplating the nearby H&M stores. The Marketing Planning Process. Business Mission Marketing Audit SWOT Analysis Marketing Objectives Strategic Thrust Core Strategy Target Markets Marketing Mix Decisions Organization and Implementation Control (Jobber, 2006) 1. 1-The Importance of the Marketing Planning Process. With business working in an inexorably serious condition, â€Å"Having an arrangement gives directors a point of convergence for choices and activities. (Agent, 2006) The arranging procedure gives the organization the ability to run effectively and accomplish beneficial deals, â€Å"It bodes well to attempt to carry some request to this disorder by understanding the business condition and carrying some vital sense to the way toward promoting items and administrations. † (Tutor2u, 2009) This is the reason the showcasing arranging process is imperative to a business; it assists with organizing errands and procedures by responding to all the applicable inquiries of, for example, where are we now? , how could we arrive? , and where are we heading? so as to accomplish the ideal objective. So as to satisfy these fittingly utilizing a technique for SOSTAC will assist with giving an organized examination as every component identifies with a significant stage inside the arranging procedure. SOSTAC is an Acronym for the 6 fundamental components of the Marketing Plan: Situation Where are we now? Goals Where would we like to get to? Procedure How are we going to arrive? †The Big Picture Tactics How are we going to arrive? †The Detail Actions Who will do what and when? Control How would we be able to control, gauge and build up the procedure? . 2-The Advantages of the Marketing Planning Process. The Marketing Planning Process is an extraordinary way â€Å"to give a very much characterized way from creating a business strategic executing and controlling the resultant plans. † ( Jobber, 2006) The upside of a decent promoting arrangement is that is implies that the organization can have an away from of what they have accomplished and what they have to accomplish so as to decide whether a procedure was effective or if another expansion will be. The arranging procedure implies no time is squandered and everybody is on a similar way. 1. 3-Strategic Planning Key arranging includes dealing with the heading of the business so as to keep up â€Å"a fit between the associations targets and assets and the advancing business sector openings. † (Mc Daniel et al, 2008) this worries the general course of the organization and not just the showcasing area so as to guarantee the items and administrations give by the organization are meeting the general goals. This can be described by the Strategic triangle as demonstrated as follows: Figure 1-Strategic Triangle. {draw:frame} (New-worldview, 2000) 1. 4 Conclusion The advertising arranging process puts the company’s showcasing techniques energetically. There are numerous variables concerning the procedure as noted. These will currently be assessed so as to guarantee the most suitable techniques for the procedure are being use while finishing the showcasing plan which will be founded on the organization of H&M. Statistical surveying. *2. 1-*Types of Market Research. Optional examination is separated among inside and outside sources. Interior sources take a gander at records and insights, for example, bookkeeping records, inside the entire organization while outer sources center around reports and data from outside the organization, for example, evaluation reports and periodicals. This gives a decent sign of not just how well an item may do inside the organization yet additionally encourages the business to comprehend the market for this item and give them a serious edge. Essential data includes getting unique information straightforwardly about the item and center gatherings, and online reviews. This assists with guaranteeing that the data is straightforwardly explicit to the necessities to the business as it is close to home to them. 2. 2-Contribution of Market Research to the Marketing Planning Process. 2. 3-Conclusion. It is currently apparent that statistical surveying is basic to a decent showcasing plan as it gathers the information that organizations need so as to succeed. It is currently indispensable to take a gander at the advertising review for H&M so as to assess the qualities and shortcoming of the organization for a decent SWOT examination. 3. 0-H&M foundation. Hennes and Mauritz is one of the biggest design retailers to hit the high road with around 18000 stores around the world, utilizing around The 73’000 individuals. H&M was first settled in Vasteras, Sweden in 1947 by Erling Person. The organization has developed solid advertisement currently offers a group of 100 in house architects to make their lines of men’s, women’s and children’s apparel and made a turnover of SEK 104,041 million of every 2008. They likewise sell their own image of footwear, extras and beautifiers. H&M don't possess their own production lines in any case; they do purchase merchandise from more than 800 free providers round the world, for the most part from Asia and Europe. They are likewise an overall store through their online deals and furthermore offer an inventory of their reaches. H&M’s idea is to offer ‘fashion and quality at the best cost. (H&M, 2009) †See reference section 1 For H&M’s Mission Statement. 3. 1-Marketing Audit. The promoting review considers both interior and outer impacts inside the market when settling on the choices emerged. There many advertising apparatuses that an organization can utilize when finishi ng showcasing review, for example, PESTEL investigation and Porters Five Forces which bargain exclusively on the outside condition and SWOT examination which takes a gander at both the inward and outer. (Showcasing Teacher,2009) H&M are an organization whose achievement is wide spread as a result of the company’s capacities to perform full exploration before they settle on any key choices. H&M trust â€Å"A solid brand is progressively significant serious advantage,† (Hennes and Mauritz, 2009). H&M mean to utilize their strategies for correspondence so as to fabricate the brand both inside a long and momentary bases. They trust this empowers every client to have a full comprehension of a big motivator for H&M and to feel comfortable around their H&M store. Anyway there is no notice of their idea of ‘Fashion and quality at the best price’ anyplace inside their advertising efforts. Figure2-The Marketing Environment 3. 2-Macro-Environment. Financial Environment*-The monetary condition takes a gander at the PESTEL investigation which comprises of: *Figure 3*-*PESTEL* Analysis. â€Å"Before H&M chooses to move into another market, an appraisal is made of the business sectors potential. Factors, for example, segment structure, buying power, financial development, foundation and political hazard are examined. † (H&M, 2009) Po litical Companies should be educated on the political structure of the nations in which they are in conveyance with. These incorporate any administration strategies, charges, exchanging duties, any war or strife just as inside governmental issues of the nation. H&M are worried about political limitations and subsequently break down the framework and political dangers before extending. They should know about the nations laws and guidelines so as not to break them or segregate in any capacity, particularly with their advertising apparatuses. Things that may require consider would be the VAT decreases, reusing terms, any new laws brought into power, dissemination laws and guideline long stretches of opening, I. e. inside Ireland there is set opening times on a Sunday from 1-6. Monetary Before H&M settle on a move into a market they generally do an organized investigation to evaluate the business sectors potential. Numerous variables must be investigated here so as to decide the right choice. Components to consider incorporate the monetary development of the city. They should set up the city’s loan fees as significant levels may dissuade the speculation as a result of expenses and dissect expansion as it might incite higher compensation requests. They should likewise set up the requirement for work inside that territory. This is particularly significant in a downturn where organizations should be shrewd about their development choices. Overseeing Director of H&M, Rolf Erikson states; â€Å"H&M remains steadfast and we are concentrating on what's to come. The monetary circumstance is making extraordinary open doors that we are going to take, for instance regarding access to new alluring business areas and being

Celebrity Culture Essay Essay Example

Big name Culture Essay Example Big name Culture Essay Big name Culture Essay Big name human progress is perceived today as the advancement of specific people that have highlights which may or may non be dependable. yet, society positions as surpassing. Today’s stars do non really require to hold an honorable blessing or ideals to be known all through the universe. These graven pictures are presently ready to infer overall inclusion through regular renowned individual magazines and perceived broadcasting appears because of self-advancement or unscrupulous conduct. The popular individual human progress ever has and ever will hold an effect and impact on society. VIPs are constantly in the media and have become work hypothetical records for youngsters and youths. The pre-adult heads in the present coevals is going more digressed from envisioning the universe all in all and is progressively focussed on their ain â€Å"bubbles† where anything in that air pocket should straight partner and effect them. The most observable effect is on their situations towards excellence. sexualisation or sexual turn of events. what's more, health. Magnificence. in a run of the mill juvenile jargon. has been barely changed into a juvenile. even. skin-and-bone. tanned grown-up female or grown-up male laping to and fro their flawless hair and grinning their ideal dentitions. Advertisements having these well known people give a sentiment of â€Å"if you need life and happiness† resemble me and buy these stocks. Teenss are confounding that they are more than the measure of their possessions and wages. more than the measure of their visual angle and picture. what's more, more than the measure of their achievements and disappointments on account of what they are seeing and every other person is seeing through the media. Increasingly more of teenagers are being influenced by the sexualisation of misss orchestrating to mental health specialists. An examination on breaking down the impacts of for all intents and purposes each signifier of media from music wordss to video games demonstrated a result that juvenile misss are respecting the power per unit region of sexualisation by posting uncovered pictures of themselves on the internet or leting colleagues to take uncovered exposures of them. Moreover. insouciant acclaimed individual sex gives off an impression of being the standard among the youngster. As a result of an over-sexed society. juvenile misss can be found with mental self portrait and enthusiastic employments like nervousness and disgrace. furthermore, insufficiency of affirmation in and comfort with her ain natural structure. Sexualisation of misss effectsly affects girls’ capacity to build up a solid sexual mental self view. investigate proposes. VIPs do non only negatively affect the characters and articulations of fans. yet, other than in their wellbeing. There have been cases where big name has been utilized decidedly and to coordinate out a decent message yet there have been different cases in which well known people have put out a terrible picture. For delineation. the supplication of medication and intoxicant abuse has expanded thus have pictures of alcoholic well known people in magazines and broadcasting. Superstars have glamorized smoke in the media and are puting a representation for individuals everyplace that it is worthy to smoke. Stars ought to do it a yearning to shun from using medications and soaking up over the top entireties of spirits since it makes an impression on heroes that an existence of medications and intoxicant is an acceptable way to populate. Big names need to adjust the way they act and how they are seen. Their activities have a greater amount of an outcome on us such a significant number of individuals accept they have. Slim. enthusiastic popular people are modifying the way numerous youthful teenagers think and act. VIPs need to change these undesirable wonts now and perceive that they should be increasingly worried about themselves and with their representation in the media. Sadly. the intensity of who gets celebrated and what pictures are introduced is entirely in the authorities of the media.

Web Design Principles of Successful Websites

Web Design Principles of Successful Websites © Shutterstock.com | GeorgejmclittleIn this article, we will learn various web design principles to be considered to create a technically as well as visually good website. We will also learn the various elements that can help come up with an effective overall design. In order to do so, the article is divided into two parts: 1) a brief introduction to web design and 2) web design principles.A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO WEB DESIGNWhat is Web Design?Web design is a concept of planning, creating, and maintaining websites. The very process of using creativity to design and construct a website and updating it regularly to incorporate changes is also referred to as web designing. Besides the creation and updating, this concept also involves taking care of the user interface, the architecture of information present, the layout, the colors, content, navigation ergonomics, as well as the designs of the various icons. Some other areas in web design include search engine optimization, user experienc e designs, standardized codes, graphic design, as well as interface design.Web designing is a process that can be done by anyone who has the right knowledge of the various disciplines involved but is usually best handled by professionals known as web designers. The term ‘web design’ may also point to the visual aspect of a website but in truth it also overlaps with the process of web development in a more broad sense. The process not only includes front end designing but also the process of writing the markup.Basic elements of a good web designIn order to come up with a good web design and an effective visual and technical appeal of a website, there are some elements that must be incorporated. To know more about these elements, you can go through the following given points:Shape On most websites and webpages, the shapes used are squares or rectangular but they don’t necessarily have to be. Shapes are responsible for the creation of an enclosed boundary in the overall design, and you can experiment with any shape you seem suitable. It can either be a geometric shape or any other abstract shape that fits in the design.Texture Texture is one element that can help provide your website with a feeling of a surface beneath. There are several types of textures that you can incorporate, and some of them include natural textures and artificial textures. This element must be used in such a way that it brings out the content given on the website and makes it look more appealing.Direction Direction is the element of a web design which is responsible for lending it movement or motion. A good web design is one which automatically makes our eyes move from one corner or content of the website to another, according to relevance or hierarchy.Color Another basic element of a good website is the use of color. A black and white website may work for certain niches like photography websites, but it is always better to raise the appeal of a website using colors in a creative way. The colors are added in the later stage and not during the designing.WEB DESIGN PRINCIPLESWeb design is not only about how the website looks and feels but is also a lot about how it works and responds. When web designers work on a website, they incorporate not just those elements that add a visual appeal to it but also try to make it highly responsive, functional, quick and useful. In order to create a highly usable and effective website, designers follow certain principles that act as thumb rules or standard points to keep in mind. The following are the various principles of an effective web design:Web design principle #1.     Highly intuitive structureThe first law or principle of usability of a website says that a web page must have a highly intuitive structure and should be simple to understand so that users would not have to think which way to go. It must be self-explanatory in an obvious kind of way. Don’t let any question marks or queries come up and make the navigati on intuitive and simple. This helps to increase the usability of the website and also makes it much more engaging. The structure must be free from lots of cognitive load so that visitors don’t have to wonder how to move from point A to point B.Web design principle #2.     Visual hierarchyThe next principle that contributes to creating a successful and effective website is a visual hierarchy. Visual hierarchy is the order or sequence in which our eye moves and perceives the things it sees. When it comes to a web page, the visual hierarchy can be referred to the sequence in which our eye moves from one topic/content/block to another. When designing a web page, a designer first need to identify the order of importance of the various topics and then place them in such a way that the visitors first view what is most important and then move onto the others in a hierarchical manner.There are two ways to create a visual hierarchy, and they are given as follows:Size hierarchy As the name suggests, size hierarchy is the kind of hierarchy in which the most important content or image is of the largest size on a webpage, followed by the second most important content or image in the second largest size and so on. The distinction in sizes should be such that a visitor would view the items in the order of importance, and the pecking order of things is obvious.Content hierarchy Besides the hierarchy of size, which is one of the best ways to create the order of importance, another way you can incorporate this principle is by creating a hierarchy of content. You can place content in such a way that the human eye first travels to the content that is most important, for example, the business’s objective or purpose and then moves to the less important content blocks in a hierarchical order.Web design principle #3.     AccessibilityAnother highly important principle that must not be ignored when designing a web page or website is the accessibility of it. When a visitor enters the website, he/she must be able to access each bit of information in the easiest manner. This means that the text must be legible, the colors must not be harsh on the eyes and the background must not overpower the content, etc. To make the website accessible to everyone, you can follow some of the following points:Typefaces Make sure you select a font type and font size which is readable to all and is not too fancy for some to access or understand. For example, Fonts like Verdana, Times New Roman, Arial, etc. are simple fonts that almost everyone can easily read online. Similarly, the font size that works the best is 16 px but you can be a little flexible with it.Colors As far as the user experience is concerned, your color scheme and contrast must be well thought of and should be able to create visual harmony and balance. It is always better to choose contrasting colors for the background and written content so that it can be easily read. Choose a darker text color and a lighter background shade so that the result is easy to the eyes. Extra bright colors must be used sparingly.Images Do you know that the human mind perceives and processes images a lot faster than text? Well, it is thus a good idea to choose and place the right images on your web pages to communicate with the audiences in a better way. Make sure they are high-quality images and are suitable for your purpose.Web design principle #4.     Hick’s lawHick’s law states that ‘with every additional choice increases the time required to take a decision. This law does not only hold true for web design but also in a number of other situations and settings. For example, if you visit a restaurant and are provided with too many food items to pick from, you will take a longer time to take a decision. As far as web designing is concerned, the more options you offer to your visitors, the more difficult will the website become to use and browse through. This means that we need to reduce the number of choices in order to provide a better user experience. Distracting options have to be eliminated to aid increased sales and better overall profit.Hick’s law can also be translated to ‘More options mean less sales’ In order to incorporate this law without having to sacrifice giving all product or service options that you have, you can organize the products in a hierarchy with the main categories shown in the sidebar and all the products of that category in a separate list.Web design principle #5.     Fitt’s LawAnother law that acts as a major principle in web design is Fitt’s law. According to this law, the time needed to move to a target is dependent upon the size of the target as well as the distance to the target. This means that the larger the object or target and the closer it is in the distance, the easier would it be to move to it or reach it. This law can effectively be incorporated in web design and is something that can enhance your web design by leaps and bounds. However, this does not mean that the bigger, the better but means that usability factor of a target runs as a curve and not as a straight line. When you apply this law to your web design, then users may be more motivated and encouraged to press the button that you want them to press.If you want your website visitors to take actions like order a product, read about a service or click on something, then you must make sure that they can reach the ‘click here’ more easily and quickly. Thus, it is a good idea to consider this law and use it well.Web design principle #6.     Communication and contentEveryone who visits your website is looking for some or the other kind of information or content, and thus it is very important for you to communicate with them clearly and in an engaging manner. Your information must be compelling, easy to read and easy to process. Communication is not just about providing written information but also about offering images, infographics and another form o f media such as videos and audio pieces. Web design takes into consideration a concept called ‘Visible language’. According to this concept, visible language is the content people see on the screen and involves three fundamental principles. They are given as follows:Organize The first principle of visible language or effective communication is to provide the visitors of your website a clear and highly consistent layout or structure. Some important parts of the organization of concept include the layout involving the division of content, consistency, navigation, as well as visual appeal. In order to make your website communicate effectively, you need to organize and place your blocks of information in an easy to process manner.Economize This principle involves achieving more by utilizing less. This means that you must try to deliver the most information by taking helping of less visual elements. The design or layout must be free of clutter, should be simple and must have a high degree of clarity. It must throw emphasis on what is important and create distinctiveness between different elements.Communicate The user interface of the web design must be such that users are able to understand everything in the most convenient way. There must be a balance between readability, legibility, color, texture, and views.Besides this, the content given on the website must be appropriate, well written, and easy to understand and should be written keeping in mind the concept of search engine optimization. It is important that you adjust the style of writing according to the preference of the target audience and avoid promotional writing. The writing must pull visitors and must leave them intrigued and wanting for more. It must clearly spell out what you do and what you aim to achieve.Web design principle #7.     White space and simple designA simple design is an effective design. Complexity is just not something that a visitor wants to see on your web page, and one of th e most important aspects of a simple design is white space. White space is something that web designers must not be afraid of. White space not only helps to take the cognitive load off the website but also makes it easier for users to perceive the information provided on the website. White space helps to divide the web page into several distinct parts or areas which makes it simpler to process information. It is always better to have a whitespace solution to the problem of complex hierarchical structures. The following are some of the other things that can be considered as a part of a simple design:Grid-based layout To avoid a messy structure or appearance of the website, you must opt for a grid-based layout in which content is divided into columns, boxes, and different sections.F-pattern design It is a fact that the human eye scans screens in an ‘F’ pattern. Thus, it is a good idea to design a web page or website in a way that complements the natural reading behavior of the v isitors.Conventional designs Conventional designs are not always boring and rather work well as far as visitor response or likeability is concerned. They add a hint of trust, reliability as well as brand credibility.Web design principle #8.     Regular testingTest Early and Test Often or ‘TETO’ is another web design principle that all designers and website owners must consider. Conducting usability tests every now and then provide important results and insights into many kinds of problems and complications related to a website layout or aspects of design. What happens is that websites often tend to get into certain issues and by not testing them often, they may create issues that could be driving visitors away. Websites constantly need upgrades and updates so as to maintain the visitor footsteps and customer interest.The following are some points you must keep in mind to test your webpage or website:Testing one user at the beginning of a project is better than testing 50 users towards the end as it makes way for improvements that could prove important for driving traffic and increasing sales. Also solving errors during process is least expensive rather than later.Another point to be kept in mind is that testing is an iterative process which means that designers must first design, then test, then fix and then test again. There is a strong chance that there may be some problems that were not solved the first time because of diversion of attention to other major issues.

The Effects Of Public Safety On Our Nation On 9 / 11

Things that can interfere with public safety’s responding to a massive crisis like 9/11 No matter what the crisis is that will call for the response of individuals within the Public safety’s organization, someone will always find some m form of problem with how they responded to that crisis. One crisis that still bring up questions or debates as how the communication and the response affected our nation on 9/11. One would think that we could move away from that awful day, but it is still being judged, because of the loss of lives, the response time, property damage, and how the community was affected as well as the communities’ adjustment to life after that day. We can remove one of those question, because the communities will never be that same and they continuously fear another attack of their city. Life will never be the same after that day, and it â€Å"revealed that we lacked interoperable communication which severely hindered our response time and there was little cross discipline coordination, no framework in place to foster or create the ad hoc or ganization needed to respond to such a massive crisis† (Renaud, 2012, p. 2). Implemented to Assisting Public Safety Organization with Communication and Cooperation Since 9/11 our government has made some improvements by funding and integrating new and existing system to help with responding and communicating when there is a massive crisis. One of those systems that received funding is the Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI),Show MoreRelatedLand Of The Fearful Or Home Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pagesthe beginning of time to our modern- day society, atrocious beasts have emerged in several shapes and sizes. One common characteristic monsters possess is the ability to create and instill fear in the hearts and minds of its victims. 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Frank Gehrys First and Only Australian Project

Bbd post Free Essays

A Winning Process for Launching Your Engineering Career† by Dean C. Millard Course Topics include the Career Planning Process and Task/Project Planning: Understand Yourself Career Development and Choice Theories Interest and/or (Holland) Personality Assessments Understanding your personal values, skills, interests, and traits and their impact on career possibilities Values and ethics relating to career choices Your strengths and promoting your strengths (will be used for elevator speech) Explore Options Researching and Exploring Engineering Careers and Employment Options Use of career libraries and other resources for occupational and major choices Databases and other on-line resources Decision making about your career Informational and behavioral interviewing Interacting with Engineering Professional(s)/Faculty at Careers Discussion Take Action Marketing Yourself: â€Å"How can you make yourself stand out? Resume and cover letter design twittering skills Networking Internships Systems Engineering: Understand the systems/team approach to modern engineering design What skills and experiences during your undergraduate career will prepare you best for the reality of today’s workforce and its expectations? The role of graduate studies and how to assess the need, and undergraduate course selection implications. Leadership skill development an d experiential learning opportunities. We will write a custom essay sample on Bbd post or any similar topic only for you Order Now Entrepreneurship may be a goal. What strategies should you follow? The importance of excellent communication skills. Team functioning guidelines The course consists of mandatory lectures together with homework and class exercises that will allow you to tailor the material presented in class to make appropriate career choices and enhance your career development. Topics will be presented in a summary fashion during lectures and will be investigated in more detail through outside assignments and subsequent in- class presentations and discussion. Some readings may be at profession websites. The course blackboard website will be the primary method of distributing information, assignments, and class documents. One other note about the rouser website: Please be sure you are registered with your name exactly as you are registered in this course. And only use your official Cornell email as the email address when you sign in and log in each time. Also, send ALL emails only from your official Cornell gamma account, others will not be opened, including if they are a nickname or an alias. Please be sure to keep electronic (backup) copies of ALL the documents you turn in to this course until after you receive your final grade. If anything is lost along the way, you can then easily locate, and resubmit any missing comments for credit. You will also find your assessment results you AC aired in the course may be useful to you later in your career. Please keep these materials for your personal use once you finish our course! Course Grading: On-time class attendance, participation in in-class discussions, and satisfactory, on-time completion of course assignments will determine your final grade in this seminar course. This seminar only helps you make good career plans if you are a serious, motivated, and active participant. Opts. Will be earned for every lecture attended on time and only if attending or the entire class period. 10 Opts. Will be earned for each homework satisfactorily completed, typed, and submitted on time – in class. A 40% penalty will be assessed for all late materials turned in after they are due in class, up to one week late or for turning in an unsatisfactory submission which must b e redone. O Opts. Credit will be earned for homework turned in more than one week after the due date – although all assignments still must be completed satisfactorily and turned in to pass the course. Several homework assignments may be given higher weighting particularly he final project and these will be announced in class and on the assignment sheet posted on Blackboard. In addition, some assignments will be group- oriented. Absences from lecture will only be excused for official university reasons and for communicable diseases such as the flu when you should remain at home and take care of yourself. The official university reasons are illness and absence from campus on official university business, the later must be documented in writing. Proof of any missing work must be submitted prior to the final exam date, ND be of acceptable quality. Remember, any assignment turned in more than 1 week late will receive zero credit towards your grade, but the assignment must still be submitted in satisfactory form to complete the course. Final Letter Grading will be based on the percentage score out of the total possible as follows: AAA – 100 % – 89. 9 % ICC – 79. 9% D 60-69. 9% Below 60 % OR if missing or unsatisfactorily completed any required assignments #1. Tuesday, January 27th In class: Introduction/overview of course and course materials (â€Å"Ready for Takeoff’) How to cite Bbd post, Papers

Population Health and the Environment

Question: Discuss about the Population Health and the Environment? Answer: Methods of science and research used in the study of environmental health Scientific methods used for the study of environmental health include quantitative methods which include analysis based on mathematical-statistical models of numeric data as well as qualitative methods which comprise of analysis of texts, participatory approaches and interpretive procedures for comprehending. The first type of research on environmental health that is commonly observed is the health study of a community, which includes studying the environmental health hazards by directly investigating them. Scientists typically collaborate with epidemiologists in this type of a study. The main task of such researchers is hazard characterization, exposure quantification, as well as identification of deleterious effects on health. To a great extent, community collaboration is involved in this epidemiological research (Quigley et al. 2000). Some other techniques include focus groups, structured interviewing, policy analysis, content analysis of documents and media analysis. The effects of environmental hazards on health, including radiation, air particulates, high voltage lines and chemicals are studied by environmental epidemiology. Research in environmental justice includes measurement of class and discrepancies in diseases and in exposure to environmental hazards. Ways scientists and researchers evaluate the level of the danger environmental hazards have on population health Exposure to several chemicals from environmental sources such as water and air pollutants, cleaning products, pesticides and food additives is experienced by every individual on a daily basis. Most of of these chemicals are hazardous to human health; however ascertaining exposures as well as deciding the risk levels they pose is a meticulous procedure. Some contaminants have been confirmed to have injurious affects on a range of human organs, for example the respiratory or the reproductive systems, as well as cause impairment in certain vital functions such as the development of the foetus. On the basis of proof from various studies such as ecological, epidemiological and toxicological, health experts suppose a lot other chemicals that are probable hazards to individuals. Risk assessment is the method of setting up hazards to the environment as well as individuals from radiation, technologies, chemicals or other agents and contaminants which may influence welfare and health. Its a br anch of a broader method known as risk analysis that also involves policy development to risk management once they are recognized as well as measured. Assessments of exposures explain how regularly contact happens, its lasting time period, and its strength (which means how much the contaminant is concentrated), as well as the path by which they penetrate the body. Estimating delivered doses is central to exposure assessment as the delivered dose is the measurement most directly linked to expected damages due to exposure. The most general processes are by means of PBPK (Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic) models or measuring blood concentrations. This method replicates the course of time of the concentration of tissue that is contaminated in individuals by separating the body into a series of sections on the basis of how rapidly they absorb and discharge the matter. Values which have been recognized for respiration which is a physical function are used to determine how rapidly the chemical will pass from a body of an individual and the amount that will be accumulated, metabolized, and disposed at different phases. Environmental contaminants are the reason for a number of detrimental consequences besides cancer, for instance birth defects, toxicity, harm to other organs and physical systems and diminished function of the immune system. In case of non-carcinogens, researchers suppose that a threshold subsists less than which no detrimental effects are possible to arise in humans. NOAEL or no observable adverse effects level is firstly recognized by scientists to quantify these values, which is the maximum exposure amid all available observations at which no lethal result was seen. Subsequently the NOAEL is divided by one or more factors of uncertainty, that normally range from ten to thousand, on the basis of the data quality that was utilized to quantify the no observable adverse effects level and on how near it is to determined exposures to human. Various health risks found in the natural environment Environmental factors are a root reason of a considerable burden of disease, mainly in developing nations. An estimated twenty five percent of disease and death worldwide, and almost thirty five percent in areas for instance sub-Saharan Africa, is correlated to environmental risks. Some environmental factors such as unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and hygiene, urban air pollutions, unintentional acute poisoning, climate change are among the numerous factors responsible for deterioration of human health. Threats can present themselves to us in an assortment of ways such as water, air. The affect these might have on the health of people is extremely complicated and a persons genetic makeup, psychological factors and our observations of the hazards that they portray might adjust it. Significant matters regarding physical perils consist of those concerning health effects of ionising radiation and electromagnetic radiation. If the occupational environment is excluded, then noise an d other physical perils might portray trouble to a number of occupants, as well as cause impairment of general comfort. Deafness is not usually caused due to environmental noise however prominent exemptions might involve "personal stereos" and loud discotheques. If tobacco smoking is seen as an environmental threat then it possibly stands for the sole largest recognized chemical danger to health that is airborne, if quantified in terms of rate of ill-health (from lung cancer, other lung disease for instance emphysema and chronic bronchitis, and heart disease, particularly, and of blood vessels and various body parts) or death. Non-smokers who are passively exposed to side stream smoke of tobacco, are severely affected as well. Other pollutants that arise due to excessive combustion of coal, liquid petroleum etc. cause asthma, bronchitis and various types of cancer. Incineration also leads to production of harmful substances like dioxins. Other source of environmental hazards is wate r. It might lead to leaching of lead from pipes particularly in the case of soft water. Neurological functions might be affected at relatively small but measurable level as suggested by epidemiological evidences, also these levels are generally considered acceptable but clearly arent (Agius, 2007). Many people living in the low-income strata face daily challenges including import of safe drinking water, food and other supplies and the proper excreta transport and other harmful waste products far from the settlement (Kjellstrom, 2007). The improper fashion in which these basic amenities are being provided tends to be a major cause of fatal diseases. Thus, problem-solving exercise including ethical analysis for decision-making in environmental health, action planning exercise, encouraging activities to classify, manage and avert environmental health issues comprising of recognizing impediments and resources are some of the ways through which environmental and the threats they pose can be countered. The role of U.S. government agencies in managing the incidence of infectious disease A continuing peril to all individuals all over the globe, regardless of gender, age, ethnic background, lifestyle or socioeconomic status is infectious diseases (Institute of Medicine). Suffering and death, along with severe financial burden are caused by these diseases. Even though modern advances for instance vaccines and antibiotics have helped in conquering a number of diseases, novel ones are emerging constantly (for example, Lyme disease and HIV/AIDS), while others recur in drug-resistant variety (for instance, tuberculosis and malaria). Preventing Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Strategy for the 21st Century (CDC) explains ways that can be implemented to move toward comprehending Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC's) image of a world in which people, societies as well as nations unite in a general attempt to battle present rising infectious diseases and avert the ones which might occur in the future. The quarantine program of CDC also coordinates with the U.S. Depa rtment of Agriculture (USDA), Department of Interior, FDA and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services to guarantee that other probable human disease carriers (animals and food) are appropriately handled. A framework of guidance for worldwide endeavours is the amended International Health Regulations (IHR 2005), an international agreement through which the member states of the WHO are legally bound that necessitates nations to form a lowest capacity stage to identify, measure, inform and account possible outburst and other crisis of public health as well as that plans the methods for accounting, examining, and reacting to these dangers at the global level. Additionally supervising the IHR and backing up its execution in nations globally, a central role is played by the WHO in case of outbreaks of disease. Other organizations with vital functions comprise the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE); as a number of EIDs originate in animals, FAO and the WTO; as safe practices of trade can a ssist in preventing and addressing outbursts. A new Global Health Security Agenda, was declared by the U.S. government in FEBRUARY, 2014, which is a 5-year (2014-2018) attempt to hasten development of a planet harmless and protected from hazards of diseases that are infectious, commenced in corporation with multilateral institutions, governments of other nations as well as private and public stakeholders. As echoed in the global and national health policy documents of the U.S., persistent engagement of U.S. in an attempt to diminish the danger and possible effects of emerging infectious diseases would be important for human health worldwide as well as to guard the security and comfort of American citizens in the country as well as overseas. To advance the preparedness of EID, the U.S. has further opportunities for the U.S which comprise of: abiding by the promises laid out in the Global Health Security Agenda, the U.S. global health investments being leveraged to further reinforce health systems, strengthening nation ownership of EID attempts by aiding nations to reach their IHR commitments, and advance the methods for technical and scientific co-operation among nations, chiefly in sight of difficulties and barriers that have delayed worldwide outburst exposure and reaction in the past. References: Agius, R. (2007). What effects can the Environment have on Health? Retrieved 20 January, 2016, from https://www.agius.com/hew/resource/introeh.htm CDC. Preventing emerging infectious diseases: a strategy for the 21st century. Atlanta, GA: CDC, in press. Institute of Medicine. (1992). Emerging infections: microbial threats to health in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Kjellstrom, T, Friel, S, Dixon, J, Corvalan, C, Rehfuess, E, Lendrum, D. C, Gore, F Bartram,J. (2007). Urban Environmental Health Hazards and Health Equity. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 84, 1, pp. 186-197. Quigley D, Handy D, Goble R, Sanchez V, George P. (2000). Participatory research strategies in nuclear risk management for native communities. J Health Commun 5:305-331. The Habitable Planet. Risk, Exposure, and Health. Retrieved on 20 January, 2016, from https://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/unit/pdfs/unit6.pdf The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. (2014).The U.S. Government Global Emerging Infectious Disease Preparedness and Response. Retrieved on 20 January, 2016 from https://kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-global-emerging-infectious-disease-preparedness-and-response/#footnote-92191-13 World Health Organization. (2016). Priority environment and health risks. Retrieved January, 19, 2016, from https://www.who.int/heli/risks/en/ Yassi A, Kjellstrom T, de Kok T, Guidotti TL. (2001). Basic Environmental Health. New York: Oxford University Press.